Post-Science Institute
http://www.postscience.com
Abstract
Hugh Ching October 1990 - July 2014
Biological And Software Cells: A Logical Accident Of Similarities Software is fully documented. Without documentation most of today's software can no longer function. The human baby is born without any documentation, yet it can function quite well. The main difference between software and a living organism is in the degree of automation. The "software cell" is based on a new concept in software automation. It is originally known as the Self-generating Software System (SSS) which, like the human baby, can operate without any documentation; yet, like all software, is always fully (but not necessarily well) documented.
The fact that the software cell, which is derived artificially and independent of any knowledge in biology, and the biological cell, which is created by natural forces, have nearly identical logic is the main motivation for this proposed research. The two cells show so many similarities (See Table) that it can be speculated that (1) the biological cell might be used to guide the future development of the software cell (In fact, the biological cell could have provided a guide for the discovery of the Self-generating Software System, or vice versa.) and (2) in turn, being fully documented, the software cell might fill in the missing links in the logic of the biological cell. The Self-generating Software System is a computing environment in which all the programs are generated programs, in contrast to most current software programs which are written by programmers. All the programs in SSS are generated by the initial program generator which must be able to generate itself in order to have a totally automated software environment.
Software is the bottleneck in computing. There are two major difficulties in software, namely (1) communication between programmers or between the user and the computer (inadequate documentation) and (2) communication between programs of different versions or of different operating systems. Before the discovery of SSS, the software difficulties stated above are not resolved. SSS, in essence, has solved the problem of software.
The Self-generating Software System is designed to separate users (problem specification) from computer technology. SSS produces software by feeding problem specifications, which are produced by answering questions in human language, into program generators, which are in computer language. The forms of the specifications are designed so that they are understandable to the computer. In SSS even the program generators have their problem specifications; the generators can generate themselves. When all the programs have problem specifications, users will be dealing only with the problem specifications and not with the inside codes of the programs. The major advantages of SSS are that it can self-improve, automatically document and update. SSSshould eventually eliminate all high-level computer languages and replace them with the human language of the user.
The Self-generating Software System is by itself a breakthrough in knowledge, because software will become the dominant form of knowledge when knowledge experts without the knowledge of computer programming can interact easily with the computer. Software automates knowledge. Software automation automates software. Finally SSS automates software completely.
There is one fundamental aspect commom to both the software cell and the biological cell. Both cells are among the most complex systems in software and in biology respectively. The software cell, like the biological cell, includes all the machine instructions (amino acids) and their generating and utility programs (protein), and all the problem specifications (DNA). Thus, instead of building complex system from simple components, as is done in most current software systems, the software cell builds complex system from an equally complex system, the software cell, just as is the case in biology. SSS currently is devoted mostly to execution. The cell spends mostly on overhead.
The software cell might open up a new field of technology based on the concept of the cell. Most of our current technology can be considered non-cell-based technology which is characterized by starting from the simple and building into the complex. The human is made of cells, and the cell contains all the information of the human. The technology based on the cell is from the complex to the complex, which may have the capability of reproducing the complex. In SSS each program can be a software cell; a wordprocessor, a spreadsheet, or a databased management program can regenerate itself in a form suitable to the user because it contains all the capability of the cell.
The new technology based on the concept of the cell is already blessed by the biological cell which can act as its guiding star. It should provide alternative approaches and new impetuses to the research in artificial intelligence, artificial life, software automation and robotics, which is software and hardware automation and should be one of our ultimate goals.
The basic operation of the cell involves selecting the messages in DNA (specifications) and sending them through a protein generator(program generator) to produce protein(program). Ideally, direct copying should not be allowed in the generation processes. However, DNA can only replicate semi-conservatively, and the software cell has the same problem of not being able to generate with complete flexibility; somewhere partial copying is done. The codes (DNA and specifications) for generating the generator can be expected to be inflexible in both cells.
The program generator and the generator of the program generator in SSS seem to correspond respectively to the ribosomeand the nucleolus in the biological cell. The nucleolus appears to generate itself along with the DNA through replication during mitosis. To test the software cell, the initial phase of the proposed research will be devoted to make a detailed correspondence between the two generators in the two cells. SSS can be transformed into self-reproducing primitive bacteria (to study the origin of life ?). A point-by-point check of the corresponding logic of the two cells can be attempted; it is inconceivable that the biological cell can escape its parallel logic in the software cell, if there is an item-by-item match between the two cells. (SSS has already been demonstrated and a commercial version has been designed and under development.).
Investigators
Hugh Ching (S.B., M.S., Sc.D. MIT, Postdoctor Courant Inst. of Mathematical Sciences, Research Associate UC Berkeley. Generalized Fluid Description, Quantitative Theory of Value, SSS)
Some biologists and engineers from UCB will participate.
Professors Dwight Egbert and Sami Fadali of University of Nevada, Reno have proposed to develop a Self-generating Single-user Disk Operating System, an MSDOS clone, based on SSS.
Nature Packs All Its Valuables Into A Speck Of DNA
Multicelled organisms are necessary to study artificial intelligence, which leads to many interesting and pertinent questions. Is the human being a biological computer ? Is life an illusion created out of complexity - an exhibition of nature's subtlety (and vivacity) ? Will the distinctions between living and non-living substances become unnecessary in the face of new theories on life, as the theroy of evolution erases the differences between the origins of species ? The investigation into the perception of pain will help us understand the origin of value. Most importantly, we want to find out for the following reason whether improvements on the biological cell can be made.
It appears that intellect originates from the human brain. However, the brain, as most living things, is developed from the cell. Thus, the cell is the source of intellect. Strictly speaking, as soon as the cell comes into existence, intelligence derivable from the cell and all the problems solvable by this intelligence should be considered already a part of our destiny; a new order can be established only when intelligence passes a certain threshold such that evolution can be replaced by design.
Ultimately, only fundamental improvements on the cell can be considered real progress. It would not be too far fetched to speculate that when civilization reaches a steady state (when we know enough about our world), it will be realized that the rational purpose of existence, or of life, is to improve on the cell - a continual process of nature to make itself more intelligent and beautiful, or simply to increase its own value. Table: Corresponding Items for Biological Cell and Software Cell
Biological Cell Software Cell (? = Uncertain)
----------------------- ---------------------------------------¬
Amino Acid Instruction; Programs (Protein) are
made of instructions (Amino Acid). Analysis (Decoding cell) Synthesis (Coding software cell) AT TA CG GC (base of 4) 0 and 1 (Binary: base of 2) ATP Allowed computer time or memory
Cell........ Self-genarating Software System (All
Specification Files + All Generators + All
Programs + Allowed computer time or memory)
Chromosomes.....All Specification Files
Codon (64 = 4- 3)....... 6-bits byte (8 bits-parity-RNA/DNA check)
DNA Specification File (which have to be
retrieved into program for execution) Enzyme Program (utility)
Evolution (Undocumented) Design of artificial life (Fully documented) Gene Specification File (partial)
Homeobox........ Specification File for regulating other
specifications
Human.......... A highly complex cell-based computer (?)
Life (?)....... Artificial Life based on software cell (?)
Meiosis (?).... Splitting of software cell (?)
Membrane........Program checking for allowable files in
the directory of a software cell
Mitosis (?).....Feeding all specifications through program
generator; semiconservative Self-generation Nucleus Main Specification Files + Main Generators
+ Programs for regulating allowable files Nucleolus (?) Generator of program generator (rRNA)
Pain (?)........Error Messages with complex feedbacks
and interpretations (?); Question to
ask is: How to make a machines feel pain ? Protein Program (for applications)
Replication.... Semi-conservative generation of specifications
Reproduction... Self-generation
Ribosome (rRNA).. Program generator (specification+program)
mRNA, tRNA..... Specifications in program (tRNA = one set)
Transcription... Generation of specifications (RNA)
Translation..... Generation of program (protein or polypeptide)
Virus......... Incomplete software cell with specifications
Not computer virus (which can only make
direct, instead of semi-conservative, copies)
********************************************************************
Software Cell... Biological Cell ----------------------- ---------------------------------------¬
Generator....... Cell, Nucleus, Nucleolus, Ribosome
Instruction..... Amino Acid
Program Enzyme, Membrane, Protein, Virus Specification File (not
directly executable).... Chromosomes, DNA, Gene, Homeobox Specifications RNA
Relating SSS to DNA (2000 Update) Project Start (Confidential prior to 1/31/2000 except to members Ram, Kunii, Tsai, Wang, Debra, Hugh)
Our associative memory enables us to access almost all the information in our memory. The associative memory is a high-level intelligence (machine logic or arithmetic are examples of low-level intelligence) and, therefore, should not be used in set theory as the foundation of mathematics. The foundation of mathematics should probably be rad theory (rad=radix or base of number system), which deals with integers, because machines without associative memory prefers the manipulation of integer numbers over the identification of objects. SSS (Self-generating Software System) uses the above two distinct preferences by humans and by machines in the design of an Universal User Interface (UUI) for human and machine communication. UUI is simply the familiar tree-structured, numerical multiple¬choice question format seen most often in computerized library search systems. The universal nature of UUI indicates that UUI can be used to replace any user interface. The numerical integer choices in UUI are for the machine to handle, and the graphics or the human language is for the humans to comprehend. As a practical example of the application of UUI, the dominant Microsoft Windows user interface is overly friendly to the user because it has not included the numerical choices with the items and, thus, has completely ignored the participation of the machine in the human-computer interaction.
In UUI the numerical key inputs are, if needed, recorded in a program "speciiication file" to be easily manipulated, namely, auto-updated, auto-documented, and self-generated by the computer. Self¬generation will allow the self-generated software system to completely sever its tie to past technology. For example, the first question of UUI Of a program generator is:
Choose (1) Input, (2) Output, (3) Calculate, (4) Print, (5) Others ?
If we choose, say, 4, then the UUI will ask the next question:
Choose (1) Print a number, (2) Print a string, (3) Print a variable, (4) Others ? If we choose 2, the UUI will ask:
What is the string ?
After we input the string to be printed, the generator will guide the program execution to a GO"1'O statement or call label statement. The GOTO statement number will jump the execution to the address given by the statement number. A Permanent Record System (PRS) is designed to eliminate the need to remember the statement number, which conceptually can be used to represent any technical iniormation. PRS is invented to eliminate from computer usage all technical barriers, which, by the way, include foreign languages.
A PRS record has the general format consisting of three items:
statement number........ ADDRESS = statement number the record and an actual record in BASIC may look like :
5486483 ADDRESS=5486483:INSTRUC"1'ION$="PRINl„'+S"I'RINUs
where the statement number is 5486483 and the record is INSTRUCTION$-'PRIN"I"'+STRING$. The repetition of ADDRESS=5486483 is to let the program know, when needed, the address 5486483 is the generating statement for printing a string. Thus, using the same associative memory, PRS has made it unnecessary to remember the technical information represented by the record at the address 5486483. For example, when we want to write the statement GOT0 5486483 in the self-generation of the SSS generator, we no longer need to commit to memory the statement number 5486483.
To relate SSS to DNA, we set in the PRS record:
statement number = ADDRESS = the record
The ADDRESS of software corresponds to the lock and key system in molecular biology. To be continued
A Demonstration Self-generating BASIC System (DSBS) has already been completed as a guide for the commercial version of SBS (20% of which has also been completely by June 1990). DSBS is presented in full in the report Software Automation Demonstration of Section 3 of this Business Plan. The following is a printout of the actual first few screen displays of DSBS:
Demonstration Self-generating BASIC System (1990)
Anyone over 9th grade can write programs. You can write a program by answering questions.
What is the name of your program? (Type RETURN key after you finish.) DSBS
Choose one of the numbers in the next question:
***#i*#f***~**~*****f**~*~****~~f*~t**********#**~**#f**#****#*#**~#*#*f*#~****
*(1) Print;(2)Question;(3)Compute & Logic;(4)Files;(5)Exit;BS;Ins;De1;A;L;J;H ? 1
( Answer 1 Statement no= 1010 )
(1)Print a statement on Screen; (2) To Printer. (3) Print statement=variable on Screen; (4) To Printer. (5) Clear Screen; (6) Others ? 5
( Answer 2 Statement no= 1020 )
*(1) Print;(2)Question;(3)Compute & Logic;(4)Files;(5)Exit;BS;Ins;De1;A;L;J;H ? 1
( Answer 3 Statement no= 1030 )
(1)Print a statement on Screen; (2) To Printer. (3) Print statement=variable on Screen; (4) To Printer. (5) Clear Screen; (6) Others ? 1
( Answer b Statement no= 1040 )
Type in the statement to be printed out (Type RETURN key after you finish.) Demonstration Self-generating BASIC System
*(1) Print;(2)Question;(3)Compute & Logic;(4)Files;(5)Exit;BS;Ins;De1;A;L;J;H ? 1
( Answer 9 Statement no= 1090 )
(1)Print a statement on Screen; (2) To Printer. (3) Print statement=variable on Screen; (4) To Printer. (5) Clear Screen; (6) Others ? 1
( Answer 10 Statement no= 1100 )
Type in the statement to be printed out (Type RETURN key after you finish.) Anyone over 6th grade can write programs using S/A.
DSBS is a self-generating program generating; it can be used to demonstrate the self-generating capability of SSS. The following is the first few screen output of a generated program of DSBS trying to self-generate DSBS:
Demonstration Self-generating BASIC System
Anyone over 6th grade can write programs using S/A. You can write programs by answering questions. This is a GENERATED PROGRAM !
What is the name of the program to be generated ? (Type RETURN after finishing) APPPRO
Choose one of the numbers in the following question:
(1) Print; (2) Question; (3) Compute & Logic; (4) Files; (5) Others;BS;Ins;Del? 1
(1) Print a statement on Screen; (2) To Printer. (3) Print statement=variable on Screen; (4) Statement=variable to Printer. (5) Clear Screen. (6) Others ? 5
(1) Print; (2) Question; (3) Compute & Logic; (4) Files; (5) Others;BS;Ins;Del?
1
(1) Print a statement on Screen; (2) To Printer. (3) Print statement=variable
on Screen; (4) Statement=variable to Printer. (5) Clear Screen. (6) Others ?
1
Type in the statement you want to be printed out?
This is an application program generated by a GENERATED program generator.
The above generated program is capable of generatan.0the following application program (in full):
This is an application program generated by a GENERATED program What is the value of the first variable ?
5
What is the value of the second variable ?
7
The third variable is the product of the The value of the third variable is 35 What program do you want to go to ? DSBS
generator.
first and the
second variables.
SSS can be easily self-modified by users; SSS can be continually self-improved. One important example of the application of this self-modification feature of SSS can be demonstrated using DSBS to translate itself into German (or any other languages - computer or human). The following is the same screen printout of the previous page of a generated program imitating DSBS, but it is in German:
Beweiss Selbst-erzeugen BASIC System Dieser ist ein ERZEUGT PROGRAM !
Was ist das name von seinen programm ?
APPPRO
Wahlen ein zahl in das nachst frage:
############################################################################# (1) Drucken; (2) Frage; (3) Rechnen & Logik; (4) Akte; (5) Ander; BS;Ins;Del ? 1
(1) Drucken Schirm erklarung; (2) Druck; (3) Drucken Schirm erklarung=unbekannt; (4) Druck; (5) Klaren Schirm; (6) Ander ?
5
;############################################################################
(1) Drucken; (2) Frage; (3) Rechnen ~ Logik; (4) Akte; (5) Ander; BS;Ins;Del ? 1
(1) Drucken Schirm erkle.rung; (2) Druck; (3) Drucken Schirm erklarung=unbekannt; (4) Druck; (5) Klaren Schirm; (6) Ander ?
1
Was ist seiner erklarung sein wollen druckt aus ?
This is an application program generated by a GENERATED program generator. ############################################################################# {1) Drucken; (2) Frage; (3) Rechnen & Logik; (4) Akte; (5) Ander; BS;Ins;Del ?
(1) Drucken Schirm erklarung; (2) Druck; (3) Drucken Schirm erklarung=unbekannt; (4) Druck; (5) Klaren Schirm; (6) Ander ?
1
Was ist seiner erklarung sein wollen druckt aus ?
############################################################################# (1) Drucken; (2) Frage; (3) Rechnen & Logik; (4) Akte; (5) Ander; BS;Ins;Del ?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
To
Second Generation: Microsoft Plug and Play
To
Human-Language Programming combines Computing with Words of Lotfi Zadeh with Computing with Integers of Chien Yi Lee to form its Universal User interface. The human user reads the Words and the computer reads the Integers.
Two more NSF Proposals Submitted (9/21/2011):
(1) Completely Automated Software Foundation and Its Applications in All People Programming Language(APPL) and Self-generated Software Cell Simulating Biological Cell
(Click here for more Summary)
(Click here for 15-page Project Description)
(Click here for 2-page References)
(2) Jumpulse and Law of Touch Demonstrated by Prolonged Contact between Ball and Racket during Collision
(Click here for more Summary)
(Click here for 15-page Project Description)
(Click here for 2-page References)
The human-language program generator New is written with a program generator Old, which can self-generate and, thus, desociates with past technology from which it is derived.
Permanent entities, such as permanent software and DNA, can be created through complete automation and will be infinitely more valuable than temporary entities. An example of these permanent entities with great value is foods, which can be completely automatically produced by nature. Funding decisions should be based on valuation, not peer review. Truly original, transformative innovations should have no peers.
Proposals to National Science Foundation have initiated four post-science debates: (1) Software Debate (Completely vs. Partially Automated Software), (2) Valuation Debate (Infinite vs. finite consideration), (3) Touch Debate (Is touch a physics problem? A proposal has been submitted to Dynamic Systems ), and (4) Freedom Debate (Constrained vs. Freedom, e.g. Free Market, Free Software vs. non-violable laws of nature and the software design criterion of complete automation).
NSF should initiate a Complete Automation Research or Debate to create permanent entities. Today's engineers can only create temporary products, which will someday become obsolete. The completely automated software proposal has been submitted to Computing Expeditions, and completely automated hardware in the form of Self-Manufactured General Purpose Robots should be solicited by EFRI, for the software will become DNA, and the Robot, human.
(Click here for more information)
[Completely Automated Software] [Physics of Touch] [Solution of Value]
[Universal Permanent Number] [Replacing Peer Review with Valuation]
where F is further generalized to be a distribution function of arbitrary objects in the generalized phase space of infinite dimensions.
(In Honor of Ta-You Wu, Father of Chinese Physics, Inventor of Jumpulse)
Amy Demonstrates Jumpulse Dance
Jumpulse can make a car to do the following.
Prolonged Contact happens after collision due to a Jumpulse Mechanism on the red car.
The Equation Distinguishing Post-Science from the Rest of the World.
The defect of economics can be traced to the fundamental difficulty in determine the variable q(p) in the equation for constructing Q(P), Quantity as a function of the Price in the Demand Curve
"Universal Permanent Number is for the global search of knowledge. Today, the most popular search engine, namely, Google, is designed for search news items. Since news changes continually, the search results are updated constantly to keep up with the most desired news. Knowledge, by definition, is fixed and should be timeless. Google should remedy its defect in the search for knowledge by identifying each piece of knowledge with a permanent name in the form of integer and rank the knowledge highest when a search is for the Universal Permanent Number." Hugh Ching
Globally Searchable Unique Identification Integer Names Universal Permanent Numbers are integers from minus infinity to plus infinity. They can be used as Globally Searchable Unique Identification Integer Names (GSUIIN). GSUIN are like ISBN, the book numbers. ISBN applies only to books, and in a global search, it might come into conflict with other numbers. ISBN can be considered the incorrectly conceived version of GSUIN, or a pre-Internet and pre-globalized number system.
GSUIN as intellectual properties are exactly like real properties. Each integer of the complete set of unique integers from minus infinity to plus infinity is an intellectual property of value. It can be titled, recorded, and transferred, just like a real property and can be just as valuable.
Each integer of GSUIN can represent a book, a person, or a merchandise. It is a globally unique integer name given to an entity or information. What the integer represent will be remembered, updated, and manipulated by the patented Completely Automated And Self-generating Software. For example, if a university buys a million GSUINs for its alumni. It can use the Self-generation Software to arrange and automatically update the alumni information in terms or names alphabetically, professions, ages, etc. and make the information globally searchable.
The practical use of GSUIN is the same as book numbers ISBN, but guarantees permanently that there will be no conflict in a global search. It will put intellectual properties in par with real property and, thus, demonstrate the value of intellectual properties.
The effectiveness of GSUIN has been proven by the need of ISBN, and its value has been proven by the value of Internet domain names. In fact, both ISBN and domain names, and all the other number systems, should switch to GSUIN. Generally, the world should switch from designs based on short-sighted and narrow-minded considerations to designs based on infinite and global views to achieve permanent, not temporary, solutions.
The theoretical model of Universal Permanent Number Standard is identical to that of Unicodes. While Unicode only apply to characters of languages, Universal Permanent Number covers all entities, thus, avoiding conflict universally and permanently. The business model of Universal Permanent Number Standard can follow that of ICANN, which checks for uniqueness of domain names, but allows private companies to sell the domain names. In the case of Universal Permanent Numbers, there can only be one source, which holds the copyright to Universal Permanent Numbers.
There are at least several thousands more web pages than web sites. If search engine companies allows the submission of Universal Permanent Numbers, which corresponds to web pages, search process can be greatly enhanced. Universal Permanent Number Standard should be one of the most valuable intellectual properties in the world today. Charging just $1.00 per Number, the market cap can easily reach trillions of dollars.
The business plan of "The Computer Newspaper" is gradually becoming obsolete as Internet companies have turned the proposed plan into reality, particularly, Graigslist working on the classified ad section, Google on the display ad section through an index search service, Yahoo on the news, eBay on the auction section of classified ad, etc. Yet, few, if any, companies realize the full potential of, and the significance of the competition for, the globally monopolistic Computer Newspaper. Post-Science Institute is impartial to the competition (slightly leaning toward Craigslist), but would definitely continue to be an very interested observer.
(1) Universal User Interface of Completely Automated Software.
(2) Infinite Spreadsheet Stock Rate of Return Calculation.
(3) Double-Hitting a Ball with Jumpulse.
Please contact John Jin Zheng for Demonstration of all three Items: zhengjin at mail.npu.edu; (510) 952-8796 47096 Mission Falls Ct., Fremont, CA 94539
Human progress can progress only through the advancement of knowledge. As the world was once heavily burdened by its pre-scientific culture, it is today trapped in its scientific culture.
Science is based on empirical verification. It does not deal with value. Value is the sum total of all the benefits and losses to infinity in time. Since infinity never arrives, value cannot be empirically verified. The solution of value, thus, must satisfy the rigor of mathematics and logic.
Automation is the key to the increase in productivity. Today, science and technology can only achieve partial automation and manufacture products with temporary life. Complete automation is needed to create products of permanent life.
Knowledge needs to advance beyond science into post-science, which deals with the solution of value and the technology of complete automation. Only knowledge can change our fundamental views regarding our world, and only our changed views can change the world.
Two NSF Proposals Submitted (2/15/2011):
(1) Infinite Spreadsheet: Methodology for Full Disclosure in Rational Decision-Making; Its Application to Legislation HR 4173: Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
(Click here for more Summary)
(2) Dynamic System of Touch, Physics of Collision without Bounce, Law of Touch: Jumpulse Experimentation and Simulation, Transforming Sports Technology/Physics/Physical Education
(Click here for more Summary)
NPU Advisory Member Meeting: Sat. Nov. 27, 2010 at Adm Bldg. Concluding Remark by Hugh Ching to T. L. Kunii
NPU Professional Seminar: The Research and Incubation Programs at Northwestern Polytechnic University (NPU); Saturday, November 13, 2010, 3:00-4:00PM; Contact: zhengjin (at) mail.npu.edu; (510) 952-8796 (Click here for more information)
Global Education Consortium: Green Movement; November 7-11, 2010; Theme Topic from Research Team on "Green Finance and Total Valuation" (Click here for more information)
For further information please contact Amy: postscience at live dot com.
10000000000088
10.11.88
This is the UPN for Hugh Ching